Panther Moon Modal 20 Juta Rupiah
Cartographic resources
Moon Treaty and explorational absence (1976–1990)
Following the last Soviet mission to the Moon of 1976, there was little further lunar exploration for fourteen years. Astronautics had shifted its focus towards the exploration of the inner (e.g. Venera program) and outer (e.g. Pioneer 10, 1972) Solar System planets, but also towards Earth orbit, developing and continuously operating, beside communication satellites, Earth observation satellites (e.g. Landsat program, 1972), space telescopes and particularly space stations (e.g. Salyut program, 1971).
Negotiation in 1979 of Moon treaty, and its subsequent ratification in 1984 was the only major activity regarding the Moon until 1990.
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Ketika nasabah baru membuka rekening saham di perusahaan efek (biasa juga disebut sekuritas), ia akan dibuatkan rekening dana baru yang disebut Rekening Dana Investor (RDI). RDI adalah rekening bank atas nama investor, tapi aksesnya hanya untuk transaksi saham, sehingga tidak dapat digunakan untuk kepentingan lain.
Lantas, berapa besaran uang deposit atau setoran awal yang ideal ditanamkan di RDI? Apakah puluhan juta, jutaan, atau beberapa ratus ribu rupiah saja?
Sebagai perbandingan, pada tahun 1998 ketika investor ritel hendak berinvestasi saham, mereka harus merogoh kantong setidaknya 50 juta rupiah untuk deposit pertama di RDI. Angkanya kemudian dipangkas lagi oleh sekuritas menjadi sekitar 25 juta rupiah.
Tingginya angka deposit ketika itu dipengaruhi besaran minimal pembelian saham yang dihitung berdasarkan lot. Saat itu 1 lot berisi 500 saham. Itu sebabnya pasar modal bak berada di menara gading, eksklusif, alias hanya orang berduit saja yang bisa berinvestasi saham.
Namun, sejak 6 Januari 2014, Bursa Efek Indonesia mengubah aturan 1 lot dari 500 saham menjadi 100 saham. Perlahan, kebijakan ini membuat saham makin terjangkau. Tak hanya kaum berdasi, kini saham bisa dibeli masyarakat luas, mulai dari ibu rumah tangga, sopir, satpam, hingga tukang ojek.
Ditambah lagi, banyak sekuritas kian gencar mendorong nasabah baru, khususnya anak muda, untuk masuk pasar modal. Salah satu caranya adalah dengan menurunkan jumlah deposit.
Kendati pada praktiknya setiap sekuritas memiliki kebijakan masing-masing, setoran awal RDI yang disyaratkan pun berlainan. Angkanya mulai dari Rp 10 juta, Rp 5 juta, Rp 3 juta, atau bahkan hanya Rp 100.000.
Untuk bertransaksi saham di PT Mandiri Sekuritas (Mandiri Sekuritas), investor sudah dimudahkan dengan berbagai cara. Nasabah dapat membuka rekening melalui MOST Web di www.most.co.id, aplikasi MOST, MOST App di laptop dan komputer, atau menggunakan MOST Mobile di ponsel pintar. Mandiri Sekuritas pun merekomendasikan besaran deposit yang ideal, yakni 10 juta rupiah.
Kenapa sebesar itu? Salah satu pertimbangan utama ialah bahwa dengan setoran 10 juta rupiah, investor dapat fokus berinvestasi di saham-saham unggulan (blue chip), yang sebagian besar masuk dalam indeks LQ-45. LQ-45 adalah deretan 45 saham paling likuid dengan kapitalisasi pasar terbesar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI).
Saat yang Tepat Masuk Pasar Modal
Saat ini adalah waktu yang tepat untuk masuk ke pasar modal mengingat Indeks Harga Saham Gabungan (IHSG), indeks acuan utama di BEI tengah berada di level rendah. Sejak awal tahun hingga 27 Maret, IHSG sudah terjun 27,84% di level 4.545,57.
"Siapa yang tak mau beli (saham) di harga rendah dibandingkan harga tinggi? Benar-benar aneh. Harusnya mereka berharap pasar saham turun, jadi mereka bisa membeli (saham) di harga murah," kata Warren Buffett, tokoh investor global, seperti dikutip Business Insider, 29 Februari 2020.
Penurunan IHSG memicu valuasi berdasarkan price to earnings ratio (PER) sehingga saham-saham di BEI juga turun. PER adalah perbandingan antara harga saham dengan laba bersih per saham untuk menilai valuasi saham, yang menentukan apakah saham sedang murah atau mahal.
Sebenarnya tidak ada angka baku PER. Namun, lazimnya adalah, kian rendah PER, maka makin murah valuasi saham emiten tersebut. Mengacu data BEI, beberapa saham di indeks LQ-45 juga mencetak PER kecil. Salah satunya adalah saham dari emiten tekstil PT Sri Rejeki Isman Tbk (SRIL) atau Sritex.
Sejak 27 Maret, PER saham produsen tekstil asal Solo itu sangat rendah, yakni 2,29 kali. Sejak awal tahun (year to date), saham SRIL anjlok 41,15% di level Rp153/saham. Dengan 10 juta rupiah, investor dapat membeli 650 lot saham SRIL (65.000 saham). Perlu dicatat bahwa saham SRIL setahun terakhir pernah menyentuh Rp362/saham.
Saham lain dengan PER rendah yakni yang diterbitkan PT Matahari Department Store Tbk (LPPF), yakni 2,80 kali di level harga Rp1.365/saham. Dengan dana 10 juta rupiah, investor bisa mendapatkan 73 lot saham.
Saham perusahaan tambang batu bara PT Adaro Energy Tbk (ADRO) juga mencatat PER rendah 5,63 kali saat ini, yakni di harga Rp990/saham. Dengan dana 10 juta rupiah, investor bisa membeli ADRO sebanyak 100 lot saham. Saham ADRO pernah tembus Rp1.655/saham setahun terakhir.
PER biasanya tak dipakai untuk menilai mahal atau murahnya saham perbankan. Untuk menilai bank, biasanya menggunakan rasio price to book value (PBV), yakni penilaian harga saham dengan nilai buku perusahaan. Biasanya, saham yang memiliki rasio PBV besar berarti memiliki valuasi tinggi (overvalue) alias kemahalan, sedangkan saham dengan PBV di bawah satu kali, memiliki valuasi rendah dan harga sahamnya murah alias undervalue.
Misalnya, saham PT Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk (BMRI), induk perusahaan Mandiri Sekuritas, memiliki PBV sebesar 1,13 kali di level harga Rp4.940/saham. Untuk 1 lot saham Bank Mandiri, investor hanya perlu merogoh Rp494.000. Namun, dengan 10 juta rupiah, nasabah dapat membeli 20 lot saham BMRI, yang mana level tertingginya pernah menyentuh Rp8.150/saham setahun terakhir.
Bagaimanapun, pilihan kembali ke masing-masing investor. Apakah mau mengalokasikan 10 juta rupiah miliknya untuk satu saham saja, atau menginvestasikannya ke beberapa saham? Investopedia mencatat, demi diversifikasi, investor global (ritel dan profesional) lazimnya memiliki sekitar 15-20 saham dalam portofolio, bukan hanya satu saham.
Namun, bila seseorang ingin fokus jadi investor jangka panjang, investor tersebut wajib melihat sisi fundamental (kinerja) emiten bersangkutan, selain memperhatikan PER dan PBV. Jangan terpaku pada berapa volume saham yang dibeli, tetapi sebaiknya fokus saja pada kualitas fundamental emiten.
Jadi, sedang siap-siap belanja saham apa, nih?
Ayo, semangat berinvestasi di pasar modal!
PT Mandiri Sekuritas terdaftar dan diawasi oleh Otoritas Jasa Keuangan
Care Center: 1500 178
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It orbits at an average distance of 384,400 km (238,900 mi), about 30 times the diameter of Earth. Tidal forces between Earth and the Moon have synchronized the Moon's orbital period (lunar month) with its rotation period (lunar day) at 29.5 Earth days, causing the same side of the Moon to always face Earth. The Moon's gravitational pull—and, to a lesser extent, the Sun's—are the main drivers of Earth's tides.
In geophysical terms, the Moon is a planetary-mass object or satellite planet. Its mass is 1.2% that of the Earth, and its diameter is 3,474 km (2,159 mi), roughly one-quarter of Earth's (about as wide as the United States from coast to coast). Within the Solar System, it is the largest and most massive satellite in relation to its parent planet, the fifth largest and most massive moon overall, and larger and more massive than all known dwarf planets.[17] Its surface gravity is about one sixth of Earth's, about half of that of Mars, and the second highest among all Solar System moons, after Jupiter's moon Io. The body of the Moon is differentiated and terrestrial, with no significant hydrosphere, atmosphere, or magnetic field. It formed 4.51 billion years ago, not long after Earth's formation, out of the debris from a giant impact between Earth and a hypothesized Mars-sized body called Theia.
The lunar surface is covered in lunar dust and marked by mountains, impact craters, their ejecta, ray-like streaks, rilles and, mostly on the near side of the Moon, by dark maria ("seas"), which are plains of cooled lava. These maria were formed when molten lava flowed into ancient impact basins. The Moon is, except when passing through Earth's shadow during a lunar eclipse, always illuminated by the Sun, but from Earth the visible illumination shifts during its orbit, producing the lunar phases.[18] The Moon is the brightest celestial object in Earth's night sky. This is mainly due to its large angular diameter, while the reflectance of the lunar surface is comparable to that of asphalt. The apparent size is nearly the same as that of the Sun, allowing it to cover the Sun completely during a total solar eclipse. From Earth about 59% of the lunar surface is visible over time due to cyclical shifts in perspective (libration), making parts of the far side of the Moon visible.
The Moon has been an important source of inspiration and knowledge for humans, having been crucial to cosmography, mythology, religion, art, time keeping, natural science, and spaceflight. The first human-made objects to fly to an extraterrestrial body were sent to the Moon, starting in 1959 with the flyby of the Soviet Union's Luna 1 and the intentional impact of Luna 2. In 1966, the first soft landing (by Luna 9) and orbital insertion (by Luna 10) followed. On July 20, 1969, humans for the first time stepped on an extraterrestrial body, landing on the Moon at Mare Tranquillitatis with the lander Eagle of the United States' Apollo 11 mission. Five more crews were sent between then and 1972, each with two men landing on the surface. The longest stay was 75 hours by the Apollo 17 crew. Since then, exploration of the Moon has continued robotically, and crewed missions are being planned to return beginning in the late 2020s.
The usual English proper name for Earth's natural satellite is simply Moon, with a capital M.[19][20] The noun moon is derived from Old English mōna, which (like all its Germanic cognates) stems from Proto-Germanic *mēnōn,[21] which in turn comes from Proto-Indo-European *mēnsis 'month'[22] (from earlier *mēnōt, genitive *mēneses) which may be related to the verb 'measure' (of time).[23]
Occasionally, the name Luna is used in scientific writing[24] and especially in science fiction to distinguish the Earth's moon from others, while in poetry "Luna" has been used to denote personification of the Moon.[25] Cynthia is another poetic name, though rare, for the Moon personified as a goddess,[26] while Selene (literally 'Moon') is the Greek goddess of the Moon.
The English adjective pertaining to the Moon is lunar, derived from the Latin word for the Moon, lūna. Selenian [27] is an adjective used to describe the Moon as a world, rather than as a celestial object,[28] but its use is rare. It is derived from σελήνη selēnē, the Greek word for the Moon, and its cognate selenic was originally a rare synonym[29] but now nearly always refers to the chemical element selenium.[30] The element name selenium and the prefix seleno- (as in selenography, the study of the physical features of the Moon) come from this Greek word.[31][32]
Artemis, the Greek goddess of the wilderness and the hunt, came to also be identified as the goddess of the Moon (Selene) and was sometimes called Cynthia, after her birthplace on Mount Cynthus.[33] Her Roman equivalent is Diana. The names Luna, Cynthia, and Selene are reflected in technical terms for lunar orbits such as apolune, pericynthion and selenocentric.
The astronomical symbol for the Moon is a crescent\decrescent, \, for example in M☾ 'lunar mass' (also ML).
Desain yang Sederhana tapi Tetap Fungsional
Buat hemat biaya, pilih desain rumah yang sederhana tapi tetap fungsional. Hindari penggunaan ruang yang nggak perlu, dan fokuslah pada ruangan inti seperti kamar tidur, ruang tamu, dapur, dan kamar mandi.
Manfaatkan furnitur built-in atau rak dinding yang bisa bantu hemat ruang dan biaya.
Membangun rumah idaman dengan modal Rp20 juta mungkin terdengar mustahil, tapi dengan perencanaan yang matang, pemilihan material yang cermat, dan desain yang efisien, impian tersebut bisa terwujud. Memaksimalkan anggaran pada elemen-elemen penting seperti pondasi, dinding, dan atap, serta memilih tukang yang terjangkau tapi berpengalaman, adalah kunci sukses dalam proyek ini. Dengan fokus pada kebutuhan dasar dan memanfaatkan material ekonomis yang tetap berkualitas, kamu bisa memiliki hunian sederhana yang nyaman dan fungsional tanpa harus menguras kantong.
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Modern culture representation
The perception of the Moon in modern times has been informed by telescope enabled modern astronomy and later by spaceflight enabled actual human activity at the Moon, particularly the culturally impactful lunar landings. These new insights inspired cultural references, connecting romantic reflections about the Moon[343] and speculative fiction such as science-fiction dealing with the Moon.[342][344]
Contemporarily the Moon has been seen as a place for economic expansion into space, with missions prospecting for lunar resources. This has been accompanied with renewed public and critical reflection on humanity's cultural and legal relation to the celestial body, especially regarding colonialism,[285] as in the 1970 poem "Whitey on the Moon". In this light the Moon's nature has been invoked,[316] particularly for lunar conservation[287] and as a common.[345][310][318]
In 2021 20 July, the date of the first crewed Moon landing, became the annual International Moon Day.[346]
The lunar effect is a purported unproven correlation between specific stages of the roughly 29.5-day lunar cycle and behavior and physiological changes in living beings on Earth, including humans. The Moon has long been associated with insanity and irrationality; the words lunacy and lunatic are derived from the Latin name for the Moon, Luna. Philosophers Aristotle and Pliny the Elder argued that the full moon induced insanity in susceptible individuals, believing that the brain, which is mostly water, must be affected by the Moon and its power over the tides, but the Moon's gravity is too slight to affect any single person.[347] Even today, people who believe in a lunar effect claim that admissions to psychiatric hospitals, traffic accidents, homicides or suicides increase during a full moon, but dozens of studies invalidate these claims.[347][348][349][350][351]
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Judi online slot namanya. Meskipun kecanduan yang ditimbulkan dalam jangka panjang memiliki potensi terjadinya tindakan kriminal, tetap dilakoni sejumlah orang.
Beralasan mencari peruntungan oleh mereka yang jenuh maupun kehilangan pemasukan selama pandemi Covid-19, untuk mulai menggeluti judi online slot.
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Menurut pengakuan para penjudi. Judi online slot begitu simpel untuk dimainkan. Cukup menekan tombol spin di mesin yang terpampang di layar telepon.
Mesin judi online slot pada tampilan telepon genggam lalu akan berputar dan mengacak bermacam bentuk ikon atau gambar sehingga tidak diketahui secara pasti gambar apa yang muncul.
Ketika mesin berhenti berputar dan terdapat delapan gambar yang serupa serta membentuk pola tertentu, secara otomatis pemain judi slot online akan menang.
Dion (nama samaran) mengatakan uang di tabungannya ludes tak bersisa setelah hampir setahun lebih bermain judi online. “Uang tabungan habis, mobil saya jual,” katanya, melansir dari BBC News. Rabu (11/5).
Pria 30 tahun tersebut mengenal judi online sejak 2018 dari temannya. “Iseng, karena teman saya menang dapat motor satu. Tergiurlah. Saya lalu bertanya, main apa? Dikasih tahu situsnya, saya mendaftar,” ujarnya.
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Tapi saat itu, ia mengaku tak terlalu ‘gila’ main judi. “Waktu itu belum sering mainnya, masih santai,” tukasnya.
Ketika pandemi Covid-19 melanda, judi online slot mendadak populer. Dion pun tertarik mencoba karena gampang dimengerti.
Uang hasil menang judi online togel sebesar Rp500.000, langsung dipertaruhkan untuk judi slot. Semalaman bermain, ia mendapat Rp7 juta.
“Rasanya senang dong, belum pernah menang sebesar itu,” paparnya seraya tertawa mengenang kemujurannya.
Kemenangan besar itulah yang membuat Dion ketagihan. Dalam sehari ia bisa main judi slot online sampai lima kali dengan menghabiskan uang hampir Rp500.000.
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Tapi setelahnya, bukan menang yang datang. “Menangnya jarang dan nggak pernah sebesar menang pertama itu. Paling dapat Rp300.000, Rp200.000, kadang Rp1 juta. Tapi nggak pernah lewat dari Rp3 juta.”
Menurutnya apabila dipersentasekan 70% kalah, 30% menang. Akan tetapi, meski sudah kalah berkali-kali, Dion tak berhenti.
“Ibaratnya kalau kamu sudah habis Rp2 juta, kamu pasti nggak terima dan harus balikin duit itu dengan cara… gambling lagi, gambling lagi,” terangnya.
Demi membalas kekalahannya, pria lajang ini menggadaikan surat BPKB mobilnya agar mendapat pinjaman. Sebanyak 40% uang gadai itu dipakai untuk trading saham, sisanya judi slot.
“Waktu itu saya bayar utang dari gadai BPKB sudah susah, akhirnya saya putuskan jual mobil buat lunasin pinjaman.”
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Meskipun berkali-kali bertaruh, dia tetap kalah. Uang tabungan dan pesangon yang didapat akibat di-PHK gara-gara pandemi Covid-19, ludes untuk berjudi.
Sejak itu, ia berhenti bermain judi online. Selain karena tak lagi punya uang, ia sadar judi hanya membuang-buang hasil jerih payahnya selama bertahun-tahun bekerja.
Dion mengaku sedikit beruntung karena tak terjerat pinjaman online atau berbuat nekat lainnya hanya untuk bermain judi online.
“Saya main judi, tapi saya nggak mau merepotkan orang lain, nggak mau utang ke orang lain. Mungkin prinsip itu yang menyelamatkan saya dari kecanduan judi online.” tutupnya.
Pengamat sosial dari Universitas Indonesia, Devie Rahmawati, mengatakan pandemi Covid-19 yang menghancurkan banyak perekonomian keluarga menjadi faktor utama mengapa banyak orang terjebak pada judi online.
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Judi online, kata Devie, seakan memberikan ‘jalan alternatif’ kepada masyarakat yang ingin mendapatkan tambahan pendapatan.
Ketika aturan pemerintah terkait Covid diberlakukan banyak orang merasa terkurung di rumah dan akhirnya bosan.
Judi online yang dibalut seperti permainan gim biasa, menggoda orang-orang untuk mencoba karena bisa diakses kapan pun dan di mana pun.
“Manusia itu pada prinsipnya pemain gim. Menariknya judi online daya pikatnya lewat permainan. Ini yang kemudian mendorong orang tanpa disadari terperangkap dalam judi online. Ujungnya mereka sudah kecanduan.”
“Judi online menciptakan keseruan, membuat orang tertantang, termotivasi, dan penasaran.”
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Hal lain yakni, orang tak perlu keluar banyak uang untuk mencoba peruntungan judi online. Hanya dengan uang puluhan ribu rupiah memungkinkan mereka mendapat puluhan juta.
“Itu kan sangat menggoda sehingga secara psikologi tidak merasa menghabiskan yang besar untuk judi online. ”
Oleh karena itu, menurut Devie, tak ada seorang pun yang imun dari potensi jebakan judi online. Entah itu berasal dari kelompok ekonomi maupun pendidikan bawah atau tinggi.
Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika menyebut sejak 2018 hingga 10 Mei 2022 pihaknya telah memutus akses 499.645 konten perjudian di berbagai platform digital.
Tapi pemberantasan judi online di Indonesia berat lantaran situs atau aplikasi judi online terus bermunculan dengan nama yang berbeda, meski aksesnya telah diputus.
Di Indonesia sendiri aktivitas perjudian dilarang oleh pemerintah karena dianggap merugikan masyarakat dan melanggar norma agama.
Khusus judi online, Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (ITE) menjerat para pelaku maupun orang yang mendistribusikan muatan perjudian dengan ancaman hukuman pidana penjara paling lama enam tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp1 miliar.
Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (Kominfo) menjelaskan sejak 2018 hingga 10 Mei 2022 pihaknya telah memutus akses 499.645 konten perjudian di pelbagai platform digital.
Kendati jumlah situs atau aplikasi perjudian online yang beredar secara daring berpotensi lebih banyak dari hasil patroli siber, kata Juru bicara Kominfo, Dedy Permadi.
Pemberantasan judi online di Indonesia, sambungnya, cukup berat lantaran situs atau aplikasi judi online terus bermunculan dengan nama yang berbeda, meski aksesnya telah diputus.
Oleh JULO | 14 Agustus 2024
Banyak yang berpikir kalau bangun rumah impian itu butuh biaya besar. Tapi, tahukah kamu kalau dengan perencanaan yang tepat, kamu bisa bangun rumah sederhana cuma dengan modal Rp20 juta? Tentunya, proyek ini butuh perencanaan yang matang dan pemilihan material yang cermat! Yuk, simak panduan lengkapnya buat bantu kamu wujudkan rumah idaman dengan budget terbatas, plus tips buat tambah dana kalau ternyata budget kamu kurang.
Position and appearance
The Moon's highest altitude at culmination varies by its lunar phase, or more correctly its orbital position, and time of the year, or more correctly the position of the Earth's axis. The full moon is highest in the sky during winter and lowest during summer (for each hemisphere respectively), with its altitude changing towards dark moon to the opposite.
At the North and South Poles the Moon is 24 hours above the horizon for two weeks every tropical month (about 27.3 days), comparable to the polar day of the tropical year. Zooplankton in the Arctic use moonlight when the Sun is below the horizon for months on end.[198]
The apparent orientation of the Moon depends on its position in the sky and the hemisphere of the Earth from which it is being viewed. In the northern hemisphere it appears upside down compared to the view from the southern hemisphere.[199] Sometimes the "horns" of a crescent moon appear to be pointing more upwards than sideways. This phenomenon is called a wet moon and occurs more frequently in the tropics.[200]
The distance between the Moon and Earth varies from around 356,400 km (221,500 mi) (perigee) to 406,700 km (252,700 mi) (apogee), making the Moon's distance and apparent size fluctuate up to 14%.[201][202] On average the Moon's angular diameter is about 0.52°, roughly the same apparent size as the Sun (see § Eclipses). In addition, a purely psychological effect, known as the Moon illusion, makes the Moon appear larger when close to the horizon.[203]
The tidally locked synchronous rotation of the Moon as it orbits the Earth results in it always keeping nearly the same face turned towards the planet. The side of the Moon that faces Earth is called the near side, and the opposite the far side. The far side is often inaccurately called the "dark side", but it is in fact illuminated as often as the near side: once every 29.5 Earth days. During dark moon to new moon, the near side is dark.[204]
The Moon originally rotated at a faster rate, but early in its history its rotation slowed and became tidally locked in this orientation as a result of frictional effects associated with tidal deformations caused by Earth.[205] With time, the energy of rotation of the Moon on its axis was dissipated as heat, until there was no rotation of the Moon relative to Earth. In 2016, planetary scientists using data collected on the 1998-99 NASA Lunar Prospector mission, found two hydrogen-rich areas (most likely former water ice) on opposite sides of the Moon. It is speculated that these patches were the poles of the Moon billions of years ago before it was tidally locked to Earth.[206]
Perencanaan yang Matang: Kunci Sukses Bangun Rumah dengan Budget Terbatas
Langkah pertama buat bangun rumah dengan budget terbatas adalah bikin perencanaan yang matang. Kamu harus tentuin kebutuhan dasar dan prioritaskan fitur-fitur yang paling penting. Fokuslah pada struktur utama seperti pondasi, dinding, atap, dan sistem sanitasi.
Buat maksimalkan anggaran, coba pilih material yang lebih murah tapi tetap kuat, misalnya batako sebagai alternatif bata merah, atau atap dari seng atau asbes yang lebih ekonomis.
Astronomy from the Moon
The Moon has been used as a site for astronomical and Earth observations. The Earth appears in the Moon's sky with an apparent size of 1° 48′ to 2°,[293] three to four times the size of the Moon or Sun in Earth's sky, or about the apparent width of two little fingers at an arm's length away. Observations from the Moon started as early as 1966 with the first images of Earth from the Moon, taken by Lunar Orbiter 1. Of particular cultural significance is the 1968 photograph called Earthrise, taken by Bill Anders of Apollo 8 in 1968. In April 1972 the Apollo 16 mission set up the first dedicated telescope,[294][295] the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph, recording various astronomical photos and spectra.[296]
The Moon is recognized as an excellent site for telescopes.[297] It is relatively nearby; certain craters near the poles are permanently dark and cold and especially useful for infrared telescopes; and radio telescopes on the far side would be shielded from the radio chatter of Earth.[298] The lunar soil, although it poses a problem for any moving parts of telescopes, can be mixed with carbon nanotubes and epoxies and employed in the construction of mirrors up to 50 meters in diameter.[299] A lunar zenith telescope can be made cheaply with an ionic liquid.[300]
The only instances of humans living on the Moon have taken place in an Apollo Lunar Module for several days at a time (for example, during the Apollo 17 mission).[301] One challenge to astronauts during their stay on the surface is that lunar dust sticks to their suits and is carried into their quarters. Astronauts could taste and smell the dust, which smells like gunpowder and was called the "Apollo aroma".[302] This fine lunar dust can cause health issues.[302]
In 2019, at least one plant seed sprouted in an experiment on the Chang'e 4 lander. It was carried from Earth along with other small life in its Lunar Micro Ecosystem.[303]
Although Luna landers scattered pennants of the Soviet Union on the Moon, and U.S. flags were symbolically planted at their landing sites by the Apollo astronauts, no nation claims ownership of any part of the Moon's surface.[304] Likewise no private ownership of parts of the Moon, or as a whole, is considered credible.[305][306][307]
The 1967 Outer Space Treaty defines the Moon and all outer space as the "province of all mankind".[304] It restricts the use of the Moon to peaceful purposes, explicitly banning military installations and weapons of mass destruction.[308] A majority of countries are parties of this treaty.[309] The 1979 Moon Agreement was created to elaborate, and restrict the exploitation of the Moon's resources by any single nation, leaving it to a yet unspecified international regulatory regime.[310] As of January 2020, it has been signed and ratified by 18 nations,[311] none of which have human spaceflight capabilities.
Since 2020, countries have joined the U.S. in their Artemis Accords, which are challenging the treaty. The U.S. has furthermore emphasized in a presidential executive order ("Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources.") that "the United States does not view outer space as a 'global commons'" and calls the Moon Agreement "a failed attempt at constraining free enterprise."[312][313]
With Australia signing and ratifying both the Moon Treaty in 1986 as well as the Artemis Accords in 2020, there has been a discussion if they can be harmonized.[266] In this light an Implementation Agreement for the Moon Treaty has been advocated for, as a way to compensate for the shortcomings of the Moon Treaty and to harmonize it with other laws and agreements such as the Artemis Accords, allowing it to be more widely accepted.[265][267]
In the face of such increasing commercial and national interest, particularly prospecting territories, U.S. lawmakers have introduced in late 2020 specific regulation for the conservation of historic landing sites[314] and interest groups have argued for making such sites World Heritage Sites[315] and zones of scientific value protected zones, all of which add to the legal availability and territorialization of the Moon.[285]
In 2021, the Declaration of the Rights of the Moon[316] was created by a group of "lawyers, space archaeologists and concerned citizens", drawing on precedents in the Rights of Nature movement and the concept of legal personality for non-human entities in space.[317][318]
Telescopic exploration (1609–1959)
In 1609, Galileo Galilei used an early telescope to make drawings of the Moon for his book Sidereus Nuncius, and deduced that it was not smooth but had mountains and craters. Thomas Harriot had made, but not published such drawings a few months earlier.
Telescopic mapping of the Moon followed: later in the 17th century, the efforts of Giovanni Battista Riccioli and Francesco Maria Grimaldi led to the system of naming of lunar features in use today. The more exact 1834–1836 Mappa Selenographica of Wilhelm Beer and Johann Heinrich von Mädler, and their associated 1837 book Der Mond, the first trigonometrically accurate study of lunar features, included the heights of more than a thousand mountains, and introduced the study of the Moon at accuracies possible in earthly geography.[242] Lunar craters, first noted by Galileo, were thought to be volcanic until the 1870s proposal of Richard Proctor that they were formed by collisions.[72] This view gained support in 1892 from the experimentation of geologist Grove Karl Gilbert, and from comparative studies from 1920 to the 1940s,[243] leading to the development of lunar stratigraphy, which by the 1950s was becoming a new and growing branch of astrogeology.[72]
